REDUCING ENERGY DEPENDENCE IN INDONESIA USING BIOENERGY FROM LIGNOCELLULOCE BIOMASS

REDUCING ENERGY DEPENDENCE IN INDONESIA USING BIOENERGY FROM LIGNOCELLULOCE BIOMASS


Muhammad Daud, S. Hut.

Due to ascent of population and economic growth, energy consumption in the world has increased significantly. According to Prihandana, et al. (2007), demand of energy in the world is supposed will arise by 1,7% until 2030. While, particularly in Asian region, energy will arise by 2,8%. Bigness of energy growth in Asian region is caused by economic and industrial development rapidly particularly in China and India and other developing countries such as Indonesia.
However, increasing of fossil fuels have caused descent of world fuels reserve, so that it can cause this fuels becoming more scarce and theirs price will be increasing dramaticantly. Also, the benefits of liquids derived from fossil fuels carry with them a serious problem. The release of carbon dioxide from vehicle and other industries is one of the largest contributors to the potensial for global warming. But important progress in research and development aimed at obtaining liquid fuels from bomass has evidenced that major potential problems can be attenuated. Development of alternative energy such as biofuels become important to reduce this problems.
There are many resources which can be processed into biofuels in Indonesia that is biodiesel which can be produced from Jatropha curcas, Elais guineensis, Callophyllum inophyllum and also bioethanol such as cana sugar, and molasses. Bioethanol with concentration 99,5% is called Fuel Grade Ethanol (FGE). It currently can be blended typically at 10% levels with gasoline and also called gasohol (Prihandana, et al., 2007).
Utilization bioethanol as a transportation fuel and as a gasoline supplement have been proved more environmental friendly concerns. Biothanol is a clean-burning, high octane fuel that can be readily substituted for gasoline and its combustion result in significant reductions of toxic emissions such as formaldehyde, benzene and 1,3 butadiene, blends ethanol with gasoline increase the octane of the mixture and they reduce carbon monoxide emissions by 10-30%. When ethanol is produced from renewable sources such as biomass it can both decrease urban air pollution and reduce the accumulation of carbon dioxide, on of green house gases. Thus, replacement of gasoline with ethanol, derived from renewable biomass feedstocks that sequester CO2 during growth, is expected to reduce CO2 emissions by 90-100%. (Bruce and Palfreyman, 1998). Besides that, development of biofuels in Indonesia is expected to assure availability of new and renewable energy resources, can increase economic value of forest and also can reduce of proverty and unemployment in Indonesia.
Now, bioethanol production in Indonesia is focused to sugar crops including sugar cane and sugar beets and also starch crops, including wheat, potatoes and sweet potatoes. Current production of fuel etanol is often base on excess agricultural production and it is generally recognized that this volume is too small in comparison with the anticipated levels of production required for total conversión of transportation fuel markets from gasoline to ethanol. It is also apparent that there is the potential for competition with food production for both the sugar and starch feed stock and that prime agricultural lands normally required to produce the foodstuffs should not be diverted for fuel production. Therefore, bioconversion of lignocellulosics biomass into bioethanol is very important to be developed in Indonesia because this resources is more economic. Biomass resources obtainable from lignocellulosic materials such agricultural and forestry residues, municipal solid waste, and various industrial wastes that are not now well utilized, and that often present disposal problems. Theese residues can be derived easily in Indonesian. Also, we could grow woody and herbaceous energy crops and employ underutilized land to support indigenous production of such forms of biomass. Besides renewable, this biofules, also can reduce gases emission which potentially can cause global warming (Bruce and Palfreyman, 1998; Smith, et al., 2003; Samejima, 2008).
More recently research into bioethanol production from lignocellulosics biomass (Ingram, et al., 1997; Bousaid et al., 1998; Spagnuolo, et al., 1999; Smith, et al., 2003; Samejima, 2008). Some of lignocellulosics biomass that have been investigated is bagasse (Martinez, et al., 2000), straw (Neureiter, et al., 2002) and wood (Bousaid, et al., 1998; Stenberg, et al., 2000). Lignocellulosic biomass is typically composed of a complx mixture of three polymers that is cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin and a small amount of other compounds that are loosely termed extractives. Although this biomass is more economic than sugar and starch but the fermentation of sugars derived from lignocellulosic feedstocks has proven to be more of a process design and operating challenge than traditional sugar or starch based processes. (Bruce and Palfreyman, 1998; Miyafuji, et al., 2003). Therefore, bioconversion lignocellosic biomass into ethanol is needed optimalization of process of bioethanol production especially in pretreatment, saccharification, fermentation, and distillation (Smith, et al., 2003, Samejima, 2008).
Beside optimalization of process of bioethanol production. It is important to produce bioethanol with low in cost. Some of methods to minimize of production cost are production bioethanol by simultaneous sccharification and fermentation (SSF) (Wyman, 1996) or using lignocellulosics biomass that more economic, abundant and can be planted easily. It is also important to increase yield of ethanol with converting both celluloses and hemicelluloses into ethanol.
The evaluation and identification of yeasts for SSF application has generally taken a two-pronged approach. Many investigators concentrated on the identification of thermotolerant and ethanol-tolerant yeast strains which could ferment only glucose, while other groups tried to identify and isolate cellobiose-fermenting yeast strains which could be applied specifically to SSFs of cellulosic subtrates. It is also possible to mix the cultures of cellobiose-fermenting yeast and ethanol tolerant, gulocose-fermenting yeasts and gain supplementation with β-glucosidase and ethanol tolerance at the same time. An ideal yeast should of course be able to ferment cellobiose and sugars obtained from cellulosic biomass or even cellulolytic itself. Several microorganisms have known and often proposed as the best microrganism for SSF of cellulosic hydrolysates are Saccharomyces cereviciae, Schizosaccharomyces sp., Candida sp., and Kluyveromyces sp. with added enzimes from Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger (Sadler, 1993). Several yeast which can produce the enzymes for SSF does not seem to exist in nature, but could constructed by genetic engineering techniques. Some of microorganisms could be and potential to SSF in Indonesia are Aspergillus niger Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma reesei
Some of biomass that have potential to be developed in Indonesia are bamboos and engineered wood waste. Bamboo is one of local commodity that has been known local community. It is easily to be planted and also have high level of production per a year with harvesting time relatively short in time that is 4-5 year. Dransfield and Widjaja (1995) have been investigated anatomical and chemical components in bamboos. As the result, bamboos are contain 50% of pharechyme cell, 40% of fiber dan 10% vascular bundle and sieve tubes. In the other hand, according to Fatriasari and Hermiati (2008), bamboos contain holocelluloses (cellulose and hemicelluloses) is range 73,32-83,80%. Engineered wood wastes such as saw dusts also are potentially to be converted into ethanol. Sanusi (1993) has investigated that wastes from wood industry can attain 45,66% including 8,93% of wood wastes, 14,48% of chips and 22,25% of slabs.
Evaluation and economical optimalization of bioethanol are depend on the many factor such as materials, isolate. Due to interdependent of subprocess steps strongly, so it has been extremely difficult to identify the relative technical or economic merits of each of subprocess variation and their subsequent influence on the final production cost of ethanol.

ANALISIS KONSUMSI DAN PENAWARAN ENERGI DAN TREND PENGEMBANGAN BIOENERGI DI INDONESIA

ANALISIS KONSUMSI DAN PENAWARAN ENERGI DAN TREND PENGEMBANGAN BIOENERGI DI INDONESIA

Muhammad Daud1
1 Mahasiswa Pascasarjana, IPB
Email: daud_forest@yahoo.com

Abstrak

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat perkembangan bioenergi di Indonesia dan menganalisis komsumsi dan penawaran energi serta trend pengembangan bioenergi dalam jangka pendek dan jangka panjang serta proyeksi produksinya ke depan. Jenis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder dalam bentuk time series data dari tahun 2000 sampai 2008. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode Ordinary Least Square (OLS) dengan menggunakan Microsoft Excel 2007. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa komsumsi energi nasional meningkat setiap tahun yang disebabkan oleh peningkatan jumlah penduduk dan penawaran energi nasional. Persentase penawaran energi berbahan bakar fosil terutama minyak mentah (crude oil) mengalami penurunan meskipun penawaran batubara (coal) memiliki trend yang meningkat, sedangkan NPG dan LNG cenderung tidak berkembang. Energi baru dan terbarukan seperti hydropower dan hydrothermal cenderung stagnan sedangkan energi biomassa (bioenergi), meskipun dari segi persentase terhadap penawaran energi total menunjukkan penurunan namun dari segi jumlah pasokan energi mengalami peningkatan. Komsumsi energi per kapita meningkat setiap tahun sekitar 0,05433 BOE (barrels of oil equivalent) per capita. Meningkatnya harga BBM nasional menyebabkan penawaran dan komsumsi bioenergi nasional meningkat secara signifikan. Dari segi bahan baku bioenergi, minyak kelapa sawit (CPO) tetap merupakan kontributor utama dalam perkembangan bioenergi ke depan.

Kata Kunci : Komsumsi, Penawaran, Energi, Trend, Bioenergi

Cara Menulis Pustaka:Daud M. 2010. Analisis Konsumsi Dan Penawaran Energi Dan Trend Pengembangan Bioenergi Di Indonesia. Makalah Penelitian (Belum Dipublikasikan)

MY CURRICULUM VITAE

CURRICULUM VITAE

Nama Lengkap : Muhammad Daud, S. Hut.
Tempat dan Tanggal lahir : Bisang, 29 November 1985
Jenis Kelamin : Laki-Laki
Status : Belum Menikah
Hobbi : Membaca, Menulis, Penelitian, Traveling,
Bertualang, Menonton

Alamat Sekarang : Jl. Balio No. 36 (Pondok Sahabat), RT/RT 01/08, Kelurahan Balumbang Jaya, Darmaga, Bogor, Jawa Barat, 16680.

Alamat Makassar : Jl sukamaju Raya Lr.5 No.1, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan

Alamat Enrekeng : Jl. Permandian Alam Lewaja No. 19, Kelurahan Lewaja, Kabupaten Enrekang, Sulawesi Selatan 91715

No. Telepon : 085255967489 atau 081385447599
Email : daud_forest@yahoo.com
Website : www.daudforesterunhas.blogspot.com
Riwayat Pendidikan :
a. Pendidikan Formal:
 1991-1997 : SD Negeri 40 Lewaja, Enrekang, Sulawesi Selatan
 1997-2000 : SLTPN 1 Enrekang, Enrekang, Sulawesi Selatan
 2000-2003 : SMUN 1 Enrekang, Enrekang, Sulawesi Selatan
 2003-2007 : S1, Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar
Sulawesi Selatan.

 2008-Sekarang : S2, Magister Sains, Mayor Ilmu dan Teknologi Hasil Hutan,
Sekolah Pascasarjan IPB Bogor, Bogor, Jawa Barat.

b. Pendidikan Non Formal
 2007 : Kursus Bahasa Inggris di MEPS (Maeko English Private School),
Makassar
c. Pelatihan

 2008 : Training English for Guide. Pioneer English Meeting Club
(PEMC). Fort Rotterdam, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
 2008 : Training for TOEFL Test. Al Markaz for Khudi Enlightening
Studies (MAKES), Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
 2008 : Pelatihan Dasar Geographyc Information System (GIS),
Laboratorium Perencanaan dan Sistem Informasi Kehutanan,
Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Hasanuddin.
 2008 : Pelatihan Geographyc Information System (GIS), Lembaga
Swadaya Masyarakat, Rimba Lestari Indonesia.
 2009 : Pelatihan GC (Gas Chromatography), Departemen Hasil Hutan,
Fakultas Kehutanan, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
 2010 : Pelatihan GLP (Good Laboratory Practices), Departemen
Teknologi Industri Pertanian, Insitut Pertanian Bogor.

d. Seminar Nasional
 2003 : Seminar Lingkungan Hidup “Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Hutan
dan Otonomi Daerah, 03 September 2003, Fakultas Pertanian dan
Kehutanan, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar.
 2004 : Seminar Nasional Hari Bumi “Sinergisitas Pengelolaan Wilayah
Hulu dan Hilir DAS Jeneberang Dalam Upaya Mengoptimalkan
Manfaat Ekonomi dan Fungsi Ekologis Bagi Masyarakat” Sylva
Indonesia (p.c) Universitas Hasanuddin, Fakultas Pertanian dan
Kehutanan, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar.
 2004 : Seminar Bedah Buku “La Tahzan (Jangan Bersedih). LDF
Mushallah Al Afiah-Kerohanian Islam BEM Fakultas Kesehatan
Masyarakat, Universitas Hasanuddin, 6 Maret 2004, Makassar.
 2007 : Seminar “Madrasah Ruhaniah”. Ikatan Jamaah Ahlubait (IJABI),
Sulawesi Selatan-Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Universitas
Hasanuddin.
 2008 : Seminar Hasil Hibah Penelitian dan Hibah Pengajaran, Program
A3, Departemen Hasil Hutan, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
 2009 : Penyaji dalam Seminar Nasional Masyarakat Peneliti Kayu
Indonesia (MAPEKI) XII” Rasionalisasi Pemanfaatan Kayu dan
Produk Hutan Lainnya Dalam Pembangunan Guna Mendukung
Upaya Mitigasi dan Adaptasi Terhadap Pemanasan Global”
Bandung, 23-25 Juli 2009.
 2009 : SimposiumForum Teknologi Hasil Hutan. “Peningkatan Peran
FTHH dalam Penelitian dan Pengembangan IPTEK untuk
Menunjang Revitalisasi Industri Hasil Hutan Indonesia. 30-31
Oktober 2009. Hotel Brajamustika-Bogor.


e. Seminar Internasional
 2009 : Humanosphere Science School, “In Search of Sustainable
Humanosphere in Asian and Africa”, Organized by Research and
Development Unit For Biomaterials-LIPI-Research Institute for
Suistainable Humanosphere (RISH)-Center of South East Asian
Studies (CSEAS)-Global-COE Program, Kyoto University.
 2009 : International Studium Generale, “Energy Trends and Possibility
of Bio-Energy from Tropical Timber in Indonesia”, Organized by
Kyoto University, Japan and Department of Forest Product,
Bogor Agricultural University.
 2009 : International Studium Generale, “Breeding Without Breeding”,
Organized by Kyusu University, Japan and Department of Forest
Product, Bogor Agricultural University.
 2009 : International Seminar” Seminar on Biotechnological Approaches
to Increase Value-Added of Oil Palm by Products. Organized by
Department of Biology, Bogor Agricultural University and Seoul
National University, South Korea.
 2009 : First International Symposium of Indonesia Wood Research
Society. “Contribution of Scientific Profession Society on the
Development of Wood Science and Technology in Indonesia”.
Organized by Indonesian Wood Research Society. Bogor,
Indonesia, November 2-3, 2009.

Tulisan dan Publikasi Ilmiah:
 Daud M. 2007. Upaya Meningkatkan Pembangunan Kehutanan di Indonesia. Makalah Penelitian (Studi Pustaka). Disampaikan dalam Pemilihan Mahasiswa Berprestasi Universitas Hasanuddin 2007, Universitas Hasanuddin (Tidak Dipublikasikan)
 Daud M. 2007. Ketahanan terhadap Serangan Rayap Tanah (Coptotermes sp.) dari Kayu yang Diawetkan dengan Silafluofen Menggunakan Karbon Dioksida sebagai Pelarut Pembawa. Skripsi. Program Studi Teknologi Hasil Hutan, Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar (Tidak Dipublikasikan)
 Daud M. 2008. Kajian Penerapan Kebijakan Penyusunan Skripsi Timbal Balik di UNHAS dalam Usaha Penyelamatan Hutan di Indonesia. Peringatan Hari Bumi “Sound of Tropical Forest on East Indonesia”, 22 April 2008, Earth Care Indonesia, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar (Tidak Dipublikasikan)
 Daud M, Coto Z, Wahyudi I. 2009. Peningkatan Sifat Fisis dan Mekanis Kayu Kayu Durian (Durio sp.) Melalui Pemadatan dan Kompregnasi dengan Metil Metakrilat (MMA). Seminar Nasional Masyarakat Peneliti Kayu Indonesia (MAPEKI) XII. Bandung, 23-25 Juli 2009.
 Daud M, Wahyudi I, Coto Z. 2009. Pengembangan Tebal dan Sifat Anatomi Kayu Kompregnasi Setelah Perlakuan Perebusan Awal. Seminar Nasional Masyarakat Peneliti Kayu Indonesia (MAPEKI) XII. Bandung, 23-25 Juli 2009.
 Daud M, Anto DHY, Massijaya Y. 2009. Pengaruh Rasio Perekat Urea Formaldehida (UF) dan Isosianat terhadap Kadar Emisi Formaldehida Kayu Lapis Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria). Seminar Nasional Masyarakat Peneliti Kayu Indonesia (MAPEKI) XII. Bandung, 23-25 Juli 2009.
 Daud M dan Coto Z. 2009. Peningkatan Sifat Fisis dan Mekanis Kayu Durian (Durio sp.) dengan Penggorengan. Simposium Forum Teknologi Hasil Hutan. Bogor, 30-31 Oktober 2009.
 Daud M. 2010. Analisis Konsumsi Dan Penawaran Energi Dan Trend Pengembangan Bioenergi Di Indonesia. Makalah Penelitian (Belum Dipublikasikan)

Riwayat Pekerjaan:

 2004-2008 : Asisten Dosen, Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Hasanuddin.


Beasiswa:
 2006 : Maruki Foundation
 2007 : Tanabe Foundation


Prestasi Akademik:
 1997 : Lulusan Terbaik SDN 40 Lewaja, Enrekang, Sulawesi Selatan.
 2000 : Finalis Lulusan Terbaik SLTPN 1 Enrekang, Sulawesi Selatan.
 2003 : Lulusan Terbaik, SMUN 1 Enrekang, Sulawesi Selatan.
 2007 : Mahasiswa Berprestasi Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas
Hasanuddin.
 2007 : Mewakili Fakultas Kehutanan dalam Pemilihan Mahasiswa
Berprestasi, Tingkat Universitas Hasanuddin.
 2007 : Lulus Sarjana (S1) dari Universitas Hasanuddin dengan Predikat
Kelulusan Cum Laude dan Indeks Prestasi Kumulatif 3,98.
 2007 : Wisudawan Terbaik Tingkat Program Studi, Tingkat Fakultas dan
Tingkat Universitas, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar,
Sulawesi Selatan.
 2009 : Mahasiswa Berprestasi Sekolah Pascasarjana (Prestasi Akademik
Gemilang), Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor, Jawa Barat.

Pengalaman Organisasi:
 2003-2004 : Anggota Himpunan Pelajar Mahasiswa Massenrengpulu
(Kabupaten Enrekang), Sulawesi Selatan.
 2004-2005 : Pengurus Jamaah Mushollah Ulil Albab, Fakultas
Pertanian dan Kehutanan, Universitas Hasanuddin.
 2004-2006 : Pengurus Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam, Komisariat
Kehutanan, Universitas Hasanuddin.
 2004-2006 : Pengurus Biro Khusus Belantara Kreatif, Fakultas
Pertanian dan Kehutanan, Universitas Hasanuddin.
 2005 : Ketua Panitia Orientasi Pelatihan Dasar Kepemimpinan
(OPDKM), Sylva Indonesia (p.c) Universitas Hasanuddin
Fakultas Pertanian dan Kehutanan, Universitas
Hasanuddin.
 2005-2006 : Wakil Ketua Sylva Indonesia (p.c) Universitas
Hasanuddin, Fakultas Pertanian dan Kehutanan,
Universitas Hasanuddin
 2007 : Koordinator Steering Committee “BONITA 2007”,
Penerimaan Mahasiswa Baru, Sylva Indonesia (p.c)
Universitas Hasanuddin Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas
Hasanuddin.
 2007-2008 : Anggota Pioneer English Meeting Club (PEMC). Fort
Rotterdam, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
 2007-2008 : Pengurus Al Markaz for Khudi Enlightening Studies
(MAKES), Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia.
 2008-Sekarang : Anggota Forum Wacana Sulawesi Selatan, Sekolah
Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
 2009-Sekarang : Anggota MAPEKI (Masyarakat Peneliti Kayu Indonesia).
 2009-Sekarang : Anggota Forum Teknologi Hasil Hutan Indonesia.



Yang Bersangkutan


Muhammad Daud, S.Hut.